CIVIL SERVICE INFO

HISTORY OF THE MODERN HISTORY OF CHHATTISGARH                  AI GENRATED IMAGE History Of The modern history of Chhattisgarh commenced with the defeat of the Kalachuri dynasty by the Maratha dynasty. Bhaskar Pant, who served as the military chief of the Maratha Dynasty, successfully defeated King Raghunath Singh of the Kalchuri dynasty during his Bengal expedition in 1741 AD. During that period, the Kalachuri dynasty experienced a decline in power, and the Kalachuri king was deeply distressed due to the loss of his beloved son. In terms of maratha rule in Chhattisgarh we can classified into Five parts....  1. Indirect rule of maratha in Chhattisgarh (1741-1758 AD)  2. Direct rule of maratha through bimbaji        Bhosle (1758 - 1787 AD)  3. Suba rule in Chhattisgarh ( 1787 - 1818 AD)  4. Rule of British Superintendent on behalf of maratha king raghu ji third(1818-1830 AD)  5. Rule of ...

The Geopolitics of Tech: Analyzing the Shift in US-China Chip Trade          AI GENRATED IMAGE  Context In a significant shift in the ongoing US-China "Tech War," the U.S. administration (referenced as President Trump in the text) announced on December 8 that Chinese firms will be permitted to import Nvidia’s H200 Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), subject to a 25% revenue surcharge paid to the U.S. government. This moves away from a strict ban toward a conditional trade model. Technological & Strategic Significance (GS-3) The H200 chips are critical infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence (AI) development, particularly for training Large Language Models (LLMs). While they are one generation behind Nvidia’s cutting-edge "Blackwell" architecture, they remain powerful tools. Previously, the U.S., alongside allies like Japan and the Netherlands, restricted these exports due to "dual-use" concerns—fearing China would utilize advanced compu...

Australia's Landmark Social Media Ban for Under-16s: A Critical Analysis                    AI GENRATED IMAGE  Introduction In a pioneering move with significant global implications, Australia has become the first country in the world to implement a blanket ban on social media access for children under the age of 16. The law, which came into effect on December 10, 2024, has ignited a worldwide debate on the balance between protecting minors online and preserving their digital rights. This decisive action by the Australian government, following a year-long debate, is being closely watched by other nations considering similar measures. The Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill 2024 The legislation, officially known as the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill 2024, mandates a minimum age of 16 for holding accounts on certain social media platforms.  Key features of the law include: ...

                AI GENRATED IMAGE It analyzes the text through the lens of International Relations (GS-II) and Environment & Ecology (GS-III). Pavilion Diplomacy at COP30: Soft Power, Hard Realities, and the North-South Divide Syllabus Relevance:  * GS Paper II: International Relations (Global groupings involving India, Important International institutions, agencies and fora).  * GS Paper III: Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment). Context The article reports from COP30 (Conference of Parties) held in Belem, Brazil. While the formal negotiations happen behind closed doors, the "Pavilions" serve as temporary embassies where countries display their cultural soft power and commitment to sustainable development. The contrast between the Chinese and Indian pavilions offers a microcosm of the broader geopolitical and economic dynamics at play in climate negotiations...

AI GENERATED IMAGE  This topic is highly relevant for General Studies Paper II (International Relations), specifically under Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests. Topic: The New U.S. National Security Strategy (NSS) and Its Global Implications Syllabus Relevance:  * GS II: Effect of policies and politics of developed countries on India’s interests.  * GS II: Important International institutions, agencies, and fora (NATO, etc.). 1. Context The United States recently released its first National Security Strategy (NSS) under the second term of the Trump administration. The document outlines a roadmap to ensure American dominance while signaling a shift towards isolationism and economic protectionism. 2. Key Pillars of the New NSS The strategy identifies five major foreign policy priorities:  * End of Mass Migration: A strict stance that the era of mass migration is over.  * Protection of Rights: Emph...

The Invisible Epidemic: Why We Must Stop Ignoring India's Air Quality Crisis For years, we have treated air pollution in India as a seasonal nuisance—a "winter irritant" confined to Delhi and the northern plains. We complain about the smog in November, buy masks, and then forget about it as the skies clear slightly in spring. But according to a striking new report by environmental scientist Sudheer Kumar Shukla, this complacent mindset is costing us our lives. Air pollution has metastasized into a nationwide health emergency, affecting every demographic, every organ system, and deepening social inequalities. Here is why the air quality crisis is India’s largest health threat, and why clean air must become a non-negotiable human right. 1. It is No Longer Just a "Delhi Problem" The data from 2025 is alarming. The crisis is both widespread and deeply entrenched.  * 150 out of 256 cities monitored exceeded the national PM 2.5 standards.  * While the Indo...

India-Russia Bilateral Agreements and Cooperation New Agreements and Summit Outcomes ___________________ India and Russia have signed new agreements that link India’s vast pool of semi-skilled and skilled workers with Russia’s growing demand for labor, while simultaneously deepening cooperation in nuclear energy, the Arctic, and tourism. These decisions were announced during the recent India-Russia summit in New Delhi attended by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin. Focus on Labour Mobility ___________________ The core of the summit’s people‑centric agenda was a labour mobility agreement that allows temporary employment of citizens of one country in the territory of the other, with a special focus on semi‑skilled and skilled Indian workers needed in Russia. Russian authorities are reported to require around 5,00,000 such workers in coming years, creating a structured pathway for Indian job‑seekers in sectors like construction, services and infrastructur...

CHINA - JAPAN TENSION  Tensions between China and Japan over Taiwan have escalated into one of the most serious diplomatic stand‑offs in recent years, but both countries ultimately need to step back from confrontation and refocus on economic cooperation in East Asia. The situation shows how security anxieties, historical grievances, and domestic politics can quickly destabilise a region whose prosperity depends on stable trade and interconnected supply chains.  How the crisis began   The immediate trigger was a statement on November 7 by Japan’s new Prime Minister, Sanae Takaichi, who told Parliament that any Chinese military action against Taiwan could amount to a “survival‑threatening situation” for Japan, opening the door to the use of the Self‑Defence Forces under Japan’s security laws.[2][3] This marked a departure from Tokyo’s earlier, more cautious “strategic ambiguity” on Taiwan and was read in Beijing as signalling possible Japanese military involvement in a...

  The Hidden Costs of Ultra-Processed Food: Why Personal Discipline Remains Key Modern dieting is often a journey filled with setbacks and frustration. Studies show that although many strive to lose weight, only 20% manage to keep it off after the first year. This ongoing struggle isn’t unique and points to wider issues within our food environment.  The Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods Ultra-processed foods—yogurts, snacks, packet mixes—dominate grocery shelves. They replace natural ingredients with starches, sweeteners, emulsifiers, and artificial flavors. These foods aggressively erode individual autonomy, directly influencing how much control people have over their eating habits. Unlike traditional whole foods, industrial formulas have been designed for addictiveness. They hijack the body’s natural hunger and satisfaction signals, pushing people towards compulsive consumption. When you reach for a snack marked “healthy,” you may still be falling for processed marketing—rarel...

The Constitutional Role of the Governor The role of a Governor, as outlined by the Indian Constitution, is meant to be an apolitical bridge between the Centre and the state governments, with a mandate mainly to safeguard constitutional propriety and advise the elected state executives within the bounds of law[1]. Article 361 of the Constitution grants immunity to the President and Governors from court proceedings for their official acts, reaffirming the principle that these offices serve constitutional, rather than political, ends.  Judicial Scrutiny and Political Neutrality Recent Supreme Court adjudications have addressed several instances where governors were accused of political bias or exceeding their mandate, usually in the context of government formation, dismissal of Chief Ministers, or summoning and dissolving assemblies[1]. While the judiciary maintains that governors must remain neutral and not be used as political tools, in practice, interventions by governors have ofte...

  Unpacking the Real Meaning Behind Global ‘Happiness’ Rankings Why is Finland crowned the happiest country in the world for the eighth year in a row, while India lingers at 126th and Pakistan fares slightly better at 109th? The latest World Happiness Report 2025, produced by Oxford’s Wellbeing Research Centre, places Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden at the top. India’s score, averaging just 4.389, stands against Pakistan’s 5.287. This contrast seems puzzling, especially considering India’s booming economy, infrastructural strides, and global visibility.   Beyond Economic Metrics The rankings rely on the Gallup World Poll’s Cantril Ladder, where people rate their lives from 0 to 10. This metric blends variables like GDP per capita, social support, life expectancy, freedom, generosity, and corruption perception. Yet, these scores often diverge from economic realities. Countries with low expectations and higher life satisfaction, such as Pakistan, can appear “happier” than ...

Tamil Nadu's model to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions The article explains how the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is taking strong action against climate change at the state level, instead of waiting for national or global solutions. Tamil Nadu created a special company and missions to organize, measure, and track all its climate-related work. These efforts focus on reducing greenhouse gas pollution, protecting nature, and helping local communities become more resilient.   Main idea - Tamil Nadu wants to become "Net Zero," meaning it will stop adding more greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the air than it removes, before 2070. - The state has created detailed plans for four of its districts (The Nilgiris, Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar) showing how they can cut up to 92% of their carbon emissions by 2050 using renewable energy, better transport, new technology, and preserving natural resources. - These plans aim not only to reduce pollution but als...

Main Idea The global system for controlling nuclear weapons is under pressure, especially after President Donald Trump's actions. These decisions might affect how countries trust each other about not using nuclear weapons and could change the rules that kept nuclear wars from happening for the last 80 years. Key Points The total number of nuclear weapons worldwide is much lower than it was during the Cold War, but the biggest nuclear powers (U.S., Russia, China, France, the U.K.) still keep them as a part of their security systems.Trump announced that the U.S. will start developing newer types of nuclear weapons, and he encouraged other countries like Russia and China to do the same.This decision could lead to a new competition where countries race to make more advanced nuclear arms, making the world less safe.Nuclear Tests and TreatiesThere used to be international agreements against testing nuclear bombs (like the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, CTBT), but now there is doubt about...

The global push for nuclear weapons is a tale of dangerous arithmetic, where leaders compete for power, but the only real winners sit behind the scenes. This "mad math" of nuclear competition is driven not just by national security or prestige, but by the invisible hands of the arms industry. #### Who Wants Nukes—and Why? Today, nations like Russia, China, North Korea, and the United States circle in a perpetual contest—each trying to outdo the other in missile capability and destructive power. Political leaders cite threats, deterrence, and strategic dominance, yet the motivations are often murkier: a mix of fear, rivalry, and, in some cases, domestic pressure from powerful lobbies. Some regimes, like North Korea, use nuclear bravado as a megaphone to the world. Others, like Israel, maintain deliberate ambiguity—neither admitting nor denying their nuclear arsenal, skating a fine line in regional geopolitics. #### The Arms Lobby: Profiting from Paranoia Beneath the bluster an...

Tamil Nadu has witnessed a significant and sustained growth in paddy procurement during the lean season, reflecting the effectiveness of recent agricultural policies and procurement strategies. The lean season, which typically spans from April to August, no longer lags behind the peak September-March period in terms of paddy procurement, as observed by the Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation (TNCSC). Over the past few years, both the volume and proportion of paddy procured during the lean season have markedly increased, contributing a larger share to the total annual procurement than ever before [1]. ### Rise in Lean Season Procurement Recent data highlights a consistent rise in paddy procurement during the lean season across Tamil Nadu. Between 2021-22 and 2024-25, the share of lean season procurement to total annual procurement grew from 16% to around 41%. In absolute numbers, the lean season saw an increase from 6.65 lakh tonnes in 2021-22 to 19.69 lakh tonnes in 2024-25, with t...

Quantum tunnelling is a strange effect in quantum physics where very tiny things, like electrons, can pass through walls or barriers that they shouldn't be able to cross if the usual rules of physics applied. Imagine throwing a ball at a wall—normally, the ball would just bounce back, but in the quantum world, the ball could sometimes magically appear on the other side without climbing over the wal. This happens because particles act like waves that can stretch through barriers, and there is a small chance that the particle will end up on the other side, even though it doesn’t have enough energy to go over.

Criminal Defamation's Conflict with Democratic Principles Incompatibility with Democratic Debate • The article discusses why criminal defamation is seen as incompatible with democratic debate. • It argues that criminal defamation laws—which allow prison terms for statements harming someone's reputation—are disproportionate and stifle free speech in a democracy. • Many democracies have moved away from criminal penalties for defamation, preferring civil remedies like monetary compensation, as punishment by imprisonment is seen as excessive and unnecessary. Intimidation and Free Speech • Criminal defamation laws can intimidate critics, journalists, and political opponents,  suppressing public discourse and democratic debate. - Civil defamation laws are sufficient to protect reputations, allowing parties to seek compensation without risking imprisonment.  - International bodies and many European countries recommend abolishing criminal defamation or, at the very least, not using im...

India's Stance on US Corn Imports: A Multifaceted Analysis Reasons for Resistance • Why India Stands Firm Against US Corn Imports - India’s resistance to importing corn from the United States is rooted in a blend of economic strategy, food policy, and political calculation. • Despite pressure from Washington, New Delhi continues to restrict American corn for several key reasons: Prioritizing Domestic Needs • Domestic Production and Surplus: India harvests enough corn to meet most national needs, making large-scale imports unnecessary except in temporary shortfalls. • As a major producer, domestic policy rightly gives precedence to Indian farmers. Rejection of GM Crops • No to Genetically Modified Crops: A defining pillar of India’s food policy is the rejection of GM crops for food and feed. Exclusion of GM Corn • With over 90% of American corn grown from GM seeds, such imports are automatically excluded, reflecting both biosafety concerns and public sentiment. Trade Barriers and Ta...

H-1B Visas and Indian Professionals A large percentage of H-1B visa holders in the US are Indian professionals, with about 71% of them coming from India. Remittances from these individuals are a major source of foreign inflow to India, with a significant portion coming specifically from America. Policy changes or restrictions in the US greatly impact Indian workers and India's economy, especially regarding remittance volumes. Data visualization and bullet points highlight multi-year trends and the scale of affected professionals. #### Impact of US Policy on Indian Tech Talent Recent US immigration policy changes, especially those from the Trump administration, could adversely affect Silicon Valley, small businesses, and innovation by restricting high-skilled Indian immigrants. Experts caution that stricter H-1B measures will hurt America's tech ecosystem, as Indian professionals form the backbone of many IT and startup ventures. The article also discusses how this may offer opp...

Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed a mutual defense Agreement ### Key Details of the Agreement### - A mutual defense agreement has been established between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, stipulating that an attack on one nation constitutes an attack on both, mirroring the principles of NATO. - The agreement is designed to address potential external threats, particularly in the context of recent regional developments and escalating security concerns. - Analysts suggest that Saudi Arabia may gain access to Pakistan’s nuclear program and potentially be included under Pakistan’s nuclear defense umbrella. - The agreement reportedly encompasses provisions for military collaboration, economic assistance, and security assurances. ### Regional Impact### - The agreement signifies a strengthening of the strategic relationship between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, especially as both nations navigate evolving regional security challenges. - India has expressed concerns that this agreement could ...