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рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдХा рдиिрд░्рдгрдп: 'рдУрдкрди' рд╕ीрдЯें рдХोрдЯा рдирд╣ीं, рдпोрдЧ्рдпрддा рдХा рдЖрдзाрд░ рд╣ैं

рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдХा рдиिрд░्рдгрдп: 'рдУрдкрди' рд╕ीрдЯें рдХोрдЯा рдирд╣ीं, рдпोрдЧ्рдпрддा рдХा рдЖрдзाрд░ рд╣ैं рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рдЙрдЪ्рдЪрддрдо рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рдпрд╣ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХिрдпा рд╣ै рдХि "рдУрдкрди" (рдЦुрд▓ी) рдпा "рдЕрдиाрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд" рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдХी рд╕ीрдЯें рд╕рд╡рд░्рдгों рдпा рдХिрд╕ी рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рд╡рд░्рдЧ рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЖрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдХोрдЯा рдирд╣ीं рд╣ैं। рдЗрд╕рдХे рдмрдЬाрдп, рдпे рдкूрд░ी рддрд░рд╣ рд╕े рдпोрдЧ्рдпрддा (merit) рдкрд░ рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рд╕ीрдЯें рд╣ैं, рдЬिрдирдоें рдПрд╕рд╕ी, рдПрд╕рдЯी, рдУрдмीрд╕ी рдФрд░ рдИрдбрдм्рд▓्рдпूрдПрд╕ рд╕рд╣िрдд рд╕рднी рд╢्рд░ेрдгिрдпों рдХे рдЙрдо्рдоीрджрд╡ाрд░ рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдкा рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं, рдмрд╢рд░्рддे рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдХे рд▓िрдП рдиिрд░्рдзाрд░िрдд рдХрдЯ-рдСрдл рдЕंрдХ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХिрдП рд╣ों। рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рдХाрдиूрдиी рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд  * рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдкрд░ рдпोрдЧ्рдпрддा рдХी рдк्рд░ाрдердоिрдХрддा: рдпрджि рдЖрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдХा рдХोрдИ рдЙрдо्рдоीрджрд╡ाрд░ рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдХे рдХрдЯ-рдСрдл рд╕े рдЕрдзिрдХ рдЕंрдХ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै, рддो рдЙрд╕े 'рдУрдкрди' рд╕ीрдЯ рдкрд░ рдиिрдпुрдХ्рдд рдХिрдпा рдЬाрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП। рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░, рдЖрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдПрдХ 'рди्рдпूрдирддрдо рдЧाрд░ंрдЯी' (floor) рд╣ै, рди рдХि рдЖрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рд╡рд░्рдЧों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХोрдИ 'рдЕрдзिрдХрддрдо рд╕ीрдоा' (ceiling)।  * ' рджोрд╣рд░े рд▓ाрдн' рдХा рдн्рд░рдо : рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рд░ाрдЬрд╕्рдеाрди рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдХे рдЙрд╕ рддрд░्рдХ рдХो рдЦाрд░िрдЬ рдХрд░ рджिрдпा рдХि рдЖрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдХे рдЙрдо्рдоीрджрд╡ाрд░ों рдХो рдУрдкрди рд╕ीрдЯों рдкрд░ рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░рдиा "рджोрд╣рд░ा рд▓ाрдн" рд╣ै। рдХोрд░्рдЯ ...

SC Ruling: The 'Open' Nature of Unreserved seats

SC Ruling: The 'Open' Nature of Unreserved Seats This Supreme Court ruling is a cornerstone of Indian jurisprudence regarding the reservation policy and the definition of the "General Category." Here is a concise analysis tailored for UPSC Civil Services preparation (General Studies Paper II: Constitution & Polity). SC Ruling: The 'Open' Nature of Unreserved Seats The Core Verdict The Supreme Court has reaffirmed that "Open" or "General" category seats are not a quota for upper castes. Instead, they constitute a merit-based pool accessible to every candidate—regardless of their caste, tribe, or gender—provided they meet the general merit criteria. Key Legal Principles  * Merit over Category: If a candidate from a reserved category (SC/ST/OBC/EWS) scores higher than the general category cut-off, they must be adjusted against the "Open" seats. This ensures that reservation acts as a floor (minimum guarantee) rather t...

The Constitutional Role of the Governor

The Constitutional Role of the Governor The role of a Governor, as outlined by the Indian Constitution, is meant to be an apolitical bridge between the Centre and the state governments, with a mandate mainly to safeguard constitutional propriety and advise the elected state executives within the bounds of law[1]. Article 361 of the Constitution grants immunity to the President and Governors from court proceedings for their official acts, reaffirming the principle that these offices serve constitutional, rather than political, ends.  Judicial Scrutiny and Political Neutrality Recent Supreme Court adjudications have addressed several instances where governors were accused of political bias or exceeding their mandate, usually in the context of government formation, dismissal of Chief Ministers, or summoning and dissolving assemblies[1]. While the judiciary maintains that governors must remain neutral and not be used as political tools, in practice, interventions by governors have ofte...