The Geopolitics of Critical Minerals
This article, titled "Lessons in Geochemistry" by Syed Akbaruddin, provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s strategic maneuvers to secure critical minerals (like lithium, neodymium, and praseodymium) necessary for green energy, EVs, and defense.
Context: The Geopolitics of Critical Minerals
Critical minerals are the "new reality of power." Unlike traditional commodities, their scarcity can halt a nation's industrial momentum without a single sanction. Currently, China holds a stranglehold on the "middle of the chain"—the refining and processing stage—rather than just the raw extraction.
India’s Two-Pronged Strategy
* Domestic Mission: Focus on indigenous exploration, mining, and, crucially, developing refining technologies and recycling capabilities.
* External Diversification: * India-Brazil MoU (Feb 21): Expands India's supplier map to Latin America, offering a partner that is not aligned with any specific geopolitical "camp."
* Engagement with FORGE: India is engaging with the US-led Forum on Resource Geostrategic Engagement (FORGE). This aims to de-risk supply chains, coordinate finance, and set standards for secure supplies.
Key Risks & The "Three Tests" for India
The author warns that joining US-led initiatives like FORGE could be perceived as picking sides in the US-China rivalry, potentially inviting Chinese retaliation. To navigate this, India must apply three tests:
* The Outcome Test: Does the partnership deliver tangible refining and processing capacity within India?
* The Cost Test: Does it maintain India’s flexibility in trade and industrial policy?
* The Autonomy Test: Can India manage its relationship with China without being pulled into an escalation ladder?
UPSC Relevance
* GS Paper II: International Relations (Bilateral and multilateral agreements involving India).
* GS Paper III: Economic Development & Science/Tech (Indigenization of technology, energy security, and supply chain resilience).
Source the times of India